Vermivora celata
(Orange-crowned Warbler)

Physical Description:
4 1/2-5 1/2" (11-14 cm). Yellowy-green below and olive-gray above.

Similar Species- Tennessee and Wilson's warblers.

Song:
A high-pitched, tinny trill that changes speed and tone.

Distribution:
Breeds from portions of Alaska and Canada, south to northwestern Baja California, southeastern Arizona, and western Texas. Winters from northern California to southern Texas, and in parts of southeastern United States, Mexico, and Central America.

Habitat:
Found in deciduous and mixed woodlands, shrub, chaparral, steep shaded slopes, riparian thickets, and aspen woodlands. During migration and in winter, found in woodlands, forest edges, a variety of brushy, shrubby areas, and in open and overgrown pastures. Preliminary results of northern Idaho study found species was more abundant in selectively harvested stands than in continuous stands of old-growth conifers.

Diet:
Feeds on insects (wasps, ants, flies, caterpillars, etc.) and spiders.

Ecology:
Usually builds nest on ground, but will sometimes nest low in shrub or tree canopy. Not gregarious, but will occasionally forage with other bird species. Forages 1-11 m above ground.

Reproduction:
clutch size varies from 4-6 eggs, but is usually 5. Nestlings are altricial and downy and fledge in 8-10 days. Breeding biology is poorly known.

Conservation:

Element Code:	ABPBX01050
Status:	Protected nongame species
Global Rank:	G5
State Rank:	S5,NTMB
National Rank:	N5B,N5N

Important State References:
Hejl, S.J. and L.C. Paige. 1993. Birds in continuous and fragmented forests of western red cedar/western hemlock in northern Idaho: a preliminary assessment. Draft manuscript, Inter. Res. Sta., USDA Forest Service, Missoula. 18pp.